Recycling of polymeric composites from industrial waste by pyrolysis: Deep evaluation for carbon fibers reuse.

The use of polymeric composite on transport applications as reinforcement material has been increased due to the low fuel consumption when replacing heavier materials. It is estimated that 170,000 tons of polymeric composites will be discarded by 2025, and recycling processing for carbon fibers recovery is required to save primary energy and reduce waste. Among the current techniques, pyrolysis processing has been most effective. On the other hand, innovation must maintain the structure for reuse since physical and mechanical properties are important for recycled materials. For this reason, the goal of the present study was the recycling of polymeric composite by pyrolysis. The recovered carbon fibers were analyzed in SEM and EDS to verify surface defects compared with virgin carbon fibers. The effect of temperature, time, and atmosphere were investigated. Results showed that at 550 °C for 1 h, it was possible to obtain free carbon fibers from the polymeric matrix. After the pyrolysis process in this condition, the fibers had no pores, material fracture, and carbonization. This paper contributes to the widening and systematizing knowledge on effectiveness and understanding polymeric composites recycling for carbon fiber recovery, maintaining its structure for reuse.

Physical analyses of compost from composting plants in Brazil.

Nowadays the composting process has shown itself to be an alternative in the treatment of municipal solid wastes by composting plants. However, although more than 50% of the waste generated by the Brazilian population is composed of matter susceptible to organic composting, this process is, still today, insufficiently developed in Brazil, due to low compost quality and lack of investments in the sector. The objective of this work was to use physical analyses to evaluate the quality of the compost produced at 14 operative composting plants in the Sao Paulo State in Brazil. For this purpose, size distribution and total inert content tests were done. The results were analyzed by grouping the plants according to their productive processes: plants with a rotating drum, plants with shredders or mills, and plants without treatment after the sorting conveyor belt. Compost quality was analyzed considering the limits imposed by the Brazilian Legislation and the European standards for inert contents. The size distribution tests showed the influence of the machinery after the sorting conveyer on the granule sizes as well as the inert content, which contributes to the presence of materials that reduce the quality of the final product.

Utilization of magnetic and electrostatic separation in the recycling of printed circuit boards scrap.

The progress of the technology is directly related to the growth of production and consumption of electrical/electronics equipment, especially of personal computers. This type of equipment has a relatively short average lifetime, 2-3 years. The amount of defective or obsolete equipment has been increasing substantially; consequently its disposition and/or recycling should be studied. In this work, printed circuit boards, which are used in personal computers, were studied in order to recover the metals in the circuit boards through mechanical processing, such as crushing, screening, as well as magnetic and electrostatic separation. The results obtained demonstrate the feasibility of using these processes to separate metal fractions from polymers and ceramics, and that it is possible to obtain a fraction concentrated in metals containing more than 50% on average of copper, 24% of tin and 8% of lead.

Evaluation of the incorporation ratio of ZnO, PbO and CdO into cement clinker.

Zinc, lead, and cadmium are minor elements that might be brought by wastes to the cement kilns. This work studies the incorporation ratio of ZnO, PbO, and CdO when they are added to the clinker raw material. The cement raw material used in this work was prepared by mixing pure compounds, this choice was made to avoid the effect of other elements and provide a better understanding of the behavior of these metals during the clinkering process. The samples contained additions of 0.05, 0.10, 0.30, 0.50, 0.80 and 1.00 wt.% of a specific oxide (ZnO, PbO, or CdO) to the clinker raw-meal. The chlorine influence in the ZnO incorporation ratio was also evaluated. A device to simulate the thermal cycle imposed on the charge during the clinker production was used to evaluate the incorporation ratio of these oxides as well as thermogravimetric tests. The products of the tests in the simulator device were submitted to X-ray fluorescence chemical analysis or energy disperse scanning (EDS) microprobe analysis. The results led to the conclusions that the evaporation of Zn in cements kilns is due to the chlorine content and the Pb and Cd incorporation ratio stands around 50 wt.%.

Determination of Cu and Ni incorporation ratios in Portland cement clinker.

Cu and Ni are metals found in galvanic sludges; these sludges are considered hazardous due to their heavy metal content. The main objective of this work is to determine the incorporation amount of Cu and Ni in Portland clinker when a galvanic sludge containing these metals is added to the clinker raw-material. The influence of this addition on the clinkering reactions is evaluated as well as the possibility of co-incinerating galvanic sludges containing Cu and Ni in rotary cement kilns. This study also characterizes the galvanic sludge. Samples were prepared by additions from 0.25 to 5 wt.% of a galvanic sludge to an industrial clinker raw-material. The clinkering process was simulated in a laboratory device. The following techniques were applied to characterize the raw materials and the products of the tests: chemical analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Leaching tests were performed in the produced clinker samples in order to verify the incorporation of the studied metals in the clinker structure. The results led to the conclusion that additions of up to 2 wt.% of a galvanic sludge containing 2.4 wt.%Cu and 1.2 wt.% Ni to clinker raw-material do not affect the clinkering reactions and that these metals are totally incorporated into the clinker.

Chloride influence on the incorporation of Cr(2)O(3) and NiO in clinker: a laboratory evaluation.

Co-incinerating wastes in cement rotary kilns may introduce elements not usually found in the raw material into the process or even increase the quantity of some minor elements. Chromium and nickel are present in some electroplating sludges. These wastes are hazardous and must be treated and disposed of in a controlled landfill. The objective of this work was to study the incorporation of chromium and nickel oxides when they were added to clinker raw meal. The clinker raw meal used in this study was prepared by mixing pure compounds in the ratio that made it possible to obtain the same phases of an industrial Portland clinker at the end of the heating process. Twelve samples were prepared by adding 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0wt.% of Cr(2)O(3) and 0.05, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8 and 1.0wt.% of NiO to the base charge. Also, four more samples were prepared with additions of 0.6% Cr(2)O(3) and 0.1% NaCl, 0.7% Cr(2)O(3) and 0.1% KCl, 0.8% NiO and 0.1% NaCl and 0.8% NiO and 0.1% KCl. In order to study the Cr and Ni incorporation, thermogravimetric (TG) tests were performed, as well as tests in an assembled experimental device. The products were characterized by X-ray fluorescence chemical analysis, microprobe analyses by energy disperse scanning (EDS) and leaching tests. The results showed that the chromium and nickel added were incorporated into the clinker, even when chlorides were present.